diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 5539fbd..5916b60 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -42,3 +42,9 @@ out/
 *.log
 
 __pycache__/
+
+frontend/node_modules/
+frontend/dist/
+frontend/test-results/
+frontend/playwright-report/
+.playwright-cli/
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index ee834b7..66c97b8 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@
 - 后续修改必须新建分支并提交 PR；未经维护者明确指示，不直接推 main、不自行合并。
 - 默认中文维护项目文档、commit、issue 和 PR；代码与上游 API 名称保留英文。
 - 项目使用 Java 与 Spring；Native 是交付约束，不是可选优化，不引入 Kotlin。
-- 变更需通过适用的 JVM 测试和 Native 集成测试；未执行的验证明确报告。
+- 日常变更先通过适用的 JVM 测试，不要求每轮执行耗时的 Native 编译与测试；Native 仍为交付目标，在阶段性验收或兼容性风险变化时集中验证。未执行的验证明确报告。
+- 按 DDD 组织 authentication 上下文：领域拥有 User/UserRepository，应用层编排目录认证与读取，基础设施实现 AD 仓储与 Security Provider，Web 仅渲染页面；领域和应用层不依赖 Spring/Servlet/LDAP。
+- 用户仓储复用本次用户 bind 的连接，不新增只读服务账号；连接限于当前用例，不保留密码或连接在 HTTP session 中。
+- 选型演示在真实接入后删除，不将演示入口、状态机、验证码或开关保留为应用功能。
 - 只实现当前任务范围。Hydra 负责签发，首轮 AD 负责身份和组，本服务独立于 Ayatori。
-- 不把 LDAP 密码成功当成完整 MFA 成功；所有因素绑定同一主体与认证事务。
+- React 只替换 Spring Security 默认登录 UI；表单认证、SecurityContext、因素状态、会话轮换与退出交给框架，不自建登录状态机。
+- LDAP 密码成功可以建立仅含密码因素的 SecurityContext，但不等于完整 MFA 或 Hydra 授权；受保护操作必须检查所需因素。
 - 不提交凭据、MFA secret、生产配置秘密或包含上述内容的测试输出。
 - 生产部署配置属于 homelab-infra；本仓库初始化不授权切换现役登录入口。
 - 文档区分计划、实现、Native 实测和人类验收，禁止将代码存在当成部署证据。
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ea94c8f..a278a2c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # iam-login
 
 独立 IAM 的登录与认证服务，以 Java、Spring Security 和 GraalVM Native 实现，作为
-Hydra 的 Login/Consent 应用。当前已生成 Spring Initializr 骨架，尚未实现 AD、MFA 与 Hydra 登录链路。
+Hydra 的 Login/Consent 应用。已实现 AD 密码与直接所属组查询，以及等待 MFA 的浏览器页面；MFA 与 Hydra 登录链路仍待实现。
 
 ## 职责与边界
 
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ Hydra 的 Login/Consent 应用。当前已生成 Spring Initializr 骨架，尚
 4.1.1 和 Gradle；Spring Security 等库由 Boot BOM 管理，插件版本在 build.gradle 中固定。
 Native 使用 GraalVM 25。
 
-Native 构建与原生二进制上的认证测试是交付要求；JVM 测试通过或 native 编译成功都不
+日常改动先跑 JVM 测试，不要求每轮编译 Native。Native 构建与原生二进制上的认证测试
+留在阶段性验收；JVM 测试通过或 native 编译成功都不
 单独构成验收。Keycloak 可作为流程与安全边界参考，不以它采用 Quarkus 作为 native
 兼容性证据，不直接引入其服务端 SPI 和模型。
 
@@ -46,12 +47,14 @@ Native 构建与原生二进制上的认证测试是交付要求；JVM 测试通
 [项目初始化](docs/bootstrap.md)。使用 JDK 25 执行：
 
 ```sh
+npm --prefix frontend ci
+npm --prefix frontend run build
 ./gradlew test testAot
 ./gradlew bootRun
 ```
 
 测试需要可用的 Docker，生成器配置了 Grafana LGTM Testcontainer。
-当前只有默认应用和上下文测试，默认 Spring Security 登录页不是可用的 IAM 登录流程。
+测试覆盖 AD 第一因素、浏览器流程和监控集成。人类登录统一从 `/signin` 进入。
 使用 GraalVM 25 验证原生测试与编译：
 
 ```sh
@@ -63,4 +66,39 @@ Docker 开发使用 `scripts/gradle-in-docker`，默认持久挂载 Gradle 缓
 原生应用可用 `python3 scripts/native-smoke.py` 检查启动、默认访问控制和 HTTP 指标。
 JVM、AOT、Native 测试及原生应用 HTTP 检查已通过，实测范围与资源数据见
 [本地验证结果](docs/bootstrap.md#2026-09-25-本地验证结果)。
-AD、MFA 与 Hydra 认证链路仍待实现与验收。
+新增 AD 路径本轮按维护者要求只进行 JVM 验证，不沿用基线的 Native 验收结论。
+重构前的真实目录密码与属性/直接所属组读取已通过维护者浏览器验收；Spring Data LDAP
+版本已通过 JVM 和浏览器回归，真实人类复验待反馈。MFA 与 Hydra 链路仍待实现。
+
+## 领域与代码组织
+
+当前限界上下文为 `authentication`，使用 DDD 分层，依赖向领域内部收敛：
+
+```text
+interfaces/web → infrastructure/security（principal）+ domain
+infrastructure/security → application → domain
+infrastructure/ad → application/port + domain
+configuration → 装配上述实现
+```
+
+- `authentication/domain`：`User`、`UserRepository`；稳定主体与组成员关系属于领域模型，不依赖 Spring、Servlet、LDAP 或持久化注解。
+- `authentication/application`：`VerifyPassword` 用例，编排密码认证与同连接用户仓储查询；
+  `port` 描述密码认证及其用户仓储会话，不暴露 `DirContext`。
+- `authentication/infrastructure/ad`：AD bind、Spring Data LDAP 用户仓储、LDAP 实体与领域映射。
+  使用同一次用户 bind 的连接，查询结束关闭，不新增服务账号，不保存用户密码。
+- `authentication/infrastructure/security`：Provider 将目录用户转换为仅含密码因素的认证结果。
+- `authentication/interfaces/web`：登录页面与上下文转换；不处理密码 POST、认证会话或退出。
+- `configuration`：Spring 组件装配、安全链、静态资源和 Native hints。
+- `frontend/src`：入口、页面、表单组件和页面数据契约分别维护，只包含真实登录流程。
+
+测试覆盖应用用例、AD 仓储和完整 Spring Security 过滤器链，LDAP 夹具集中在测试 `support` 包。
+界面采用 React + Vite，Spring 在 HTML 中内联当前步骤上下文，浏览器原生表单 POST，
+表单由 Spring Security `formLogin` 处理，框架维护因素、SecurityContext、会话轮换和退出。
+React 只替换默认登录 UI，不增加前端路由器、模板引擎或 Node 运行服务。
+
+## AD 第一因素接入
+
+真实入口为 `/signin`，默认关闭且要求 HTTPS。密码验证通过后显示 AD 身份与直接所属组，
+保存仅含 `FACTOR_PASSWORD` 的认证结果，停在等待 MFA 状态。待 MFA 页要求十分钟内的密码因素；
+其他应用入口暂时全部拒绝，不能凭密码因素接受 Hydra challenge。监控 Basic 认证使用独立无状态安全链。
+配置、组语义、HTTPS 与验收边界见 [AD 接入](docs/ad-login.md)。
diff --git a/build.gradle b/build.gradle
index 5680496..2eace16 100644
--- a/build.gradle
+++ b/build.gradle
@@ -71,3 +71,15 @@ graalvmNative {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// Vite owns the HTML and hashed assets; only the controller can serve the page shell.
+// Build it with `npm ci && npm run build` in frontend/ before invoking Gradle.
+tasks.named('processResources') {
+    inputs.files(fileTree('frontend/dist'))
+    doFirst {
+        if (!file('frontend/dist/index.html').exists()) {
+            throw new GradleException('Missing UI build: run npm ci && npm run build in frontend/')
+        }
+    }
+    from('frontend/dist') { into 'ui' }
+}
diff --git a/docs/ad-login.md b/docs/ad-login.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..631cfe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/ad-login.md
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# AD 第一因素接入
+
+`/signin` 接收 AD 用户名（sAMAccountName）或本域 UPN，通过 Spring LDAP `ContextSource.getContext` 以用户身份执行 LDAPS bind，
+随后由 Spring Data LDAP 仓储复用这条已认证连接查询用户与组。
+不使用额外目录服务账号，不写入 AD，不复制 Authelia 的绑定密码。
+
+领域仓储接口为 `UserRepository`，`User` 为领域模型。`VerifyPassword` 应用用例以
+try-with-resources 管理已认证用户仓储会话；基础设施的 `AdUserRepository` 通过
+`SimpleLdapRepository<AdUserEntry>`、`LdapTemplate`、ODM 实现读取与转换，关闭后不可继续查询。
+`AdUserEntry` 的 LDAP 注解不会进入领域对象。
+
+成功后重定向到 `/signin/mfa`，显示目录账号、objectGUID、邮箱、直接所属组及组 DN。
+**这是密码因素验收页面，MFA 尚未接入，不是完整登录成功。** Spring Security 保存
+仅含 `FACTOR_PASSWORD` 的认证结果；其余应用请求使用 `denyAll`，不调用 Hydra，
+不替换现役 Go/Authelia/Gitea 登录链路。
+
+## 目录和组语义
+
+- AD 是身份和组权威。objectGUID 按 AD 混合字节序解析为标准 UUID，作为目录稳定键；
+  不是已确定的 Hydra `sub`。切换前仍须处理现役 issuer/sub 哈希的主体连续性。
+- 从 `memberOf` 读取直接成员关系，保留原始 DN；CN 保留大小写，不添加 `ROLE_`，
+  不把 Spring 的 `FACTOR_PASSWORD` 当作组。结果排序，不做应用专用组改写。
+- 此轮不展开嵌套组、不推导 primaryGroupID，也不宣称与 Authelia 的有效组集合完全一致。
+  遇到 ranged memberOf 或不同 DN 同名 CN 拒绝映射，不静默丢组或合并不同主体。
+- AD bind 执行密码及账号状态检查；基础设施层将禁用、锁定、密码过期等 AD 子码转换为
+  应用层认证失败原因，不向领域层泄露 LDAP/Spring 异常。
+  搜索排除 computer 对象，只接受唯一用户条目和合法 objectGUID/sAMAccountName。
+- 邮箱作为目录属性展示，不声称 `email_verified=true`。
+
+## 启用
+
+`iam.ad.enabled=true` 时才装配登录 Controller 与浏览器安全链（含 formLogin）。
+未启用时入口由兜底安全链拒绝，匿名 GET 返回 401；不注册密码处理端点。
+
+正常 JVM 构建：
+
+```sh
+IAM_DOCKER_USE_SUDO=1 scripts/gradle-in-docker test bootJar
+```
+
+Gradle 与 npm 缓存默认持久挂载，可用 `IAM_GRADLE_CACHE`、`IAM_NPM_CACHE` 指定目录。
+日常迭代不必每轮跑 Native；新增 AD/JNDI/TLS 路径的原生验收留到阶段性验证。
+
+运行时配置（非秘密）：
+
+```yaml
+iam:
+  ad:
+    enabled: true
+    url: ldaps://dc1.ad.ddupan.top:636
+    domain: ad.ddupan.top
+    base-dn: DC=ad,DC=ddupan,DC=top
+server:
+  port: 18082
+  ssl:
+    enabled: true
+    certificate: file:/run/iam/browser.crt
+    certificate-private-key: file:/run/iam/browser.key
+  servlet:
+    session:
+      cookie:
+        secure: true
+        same-site: lax
+```
+
+证书与私钥使用外部受管文件，不加入仓库。开发验收可使用本机的 Tailscale HTTPS 域名
+及相应证书；用匹配证书的主机名打开，不能用 LAN IP 替代域名后跳过警告。
+部署与证书自动续期归 homelab-infra，此轮本地运行不是生产部署。
+
+LDAPS 使用默认 JSSE 信任库并执行服务端域名校验。Samba 当前证书由 OpenBao 内部 CA
+签发，需把**公开 CA** 加入运行用 truststore，并通过 JVM 参数指定：
+
+```sh
+java -Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=/run/iam/truststore \
+  -Djavax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword=changeit -jar iam-login.jar
+```
+
+这里 truststore 仅含公开信任锚，口令不是目录密码。保留所需公共根证书；不得禁用
+LDAP endpoint identification 或用信任所有证书的 socket factory。连接/读取超时为 3/5 秒。
+AD 根范围查询可能返回 DomainDnsZones/ForestDnsZones 等分区 referral；配置为 ignore，
+由仓储的 LdapTemplate 忽略 partial result，不使用 throw 打断用户查询，也不 follow 转发用户凭据。
+
+浏览器安全链通过 Spring Security `redirectToHttps` 将明文请求重定向至 HTTPS，
+重定向前不执行密码验证或退出。默认不信任转发头。若以后由代理终结 TLS，
+必须配合仅受信代理可达的后端网络和转发头配置，不能公开一个信任任意 forwarded header
+的 HTTP 端口。当前开发验收由应用直接终结 TLS。
+
+## 状态与操作
+
+React 只渲染登录页面与待 MFA 页面，原生表单 POST 由 Spring Security `formLogin`
+接收。`DirectoryAuthenticationProvider` 调用目录用例并返回不含密码的 principal 和
+带签发时间的 `FACTOR_PASSWORD`；目录组只保留在身份快照中，不映射为本服务权限。
+框架负责 CSRF、成功/失败跳转、SecurityContext 持久化、session ID 轮换以及 POST logout。
+`/signin/restart` 是框架 logout 地址；不再维护 LoginTransaction 或另一份浏览器认证状态。
+
+待 MFA 页通过框架的 `validDuration` 要求密码因素在十分钟内完成，过期后需要重新认证。
+这不是完整登录会话的过期策略。MFA 与 Hydra 尚未实现，其余应用入口当前拒绝所有访问。
+`/actuator/**` 使用独立无状态 Basic 安全链，人类密码因素不能用于读取监控端点，
+监控账号也不能借 Basic 进入人类登录流程。
+
+移除原来事务内的两秒提交间隔；它不是有效的账号/IP 限流。此 PoC 仍仅供受控
+LAN/Tailscale 验收，生产发布前需完善入口限流、审计、MFA、Hydra challenge 和恢复策略。
+页面禁止缓存，内联 JSON 转义 HTML 结束标记。错误页面只显示统一消息。
+
+基础存活检查使用 `/actuator/health/liveness`。Boot 自动配置的 LDAP 健康项并未连接这里
+按用户 bind 创建的仓储连接，不能把该项当作此认证路径的可用性验证。
+
+## 本轮验证边界
+
+隔离测试使用真实 TLS、LDAP bind 和搜索，校验正确/错误密码、未知账号、AD 账号状态
+子码、GUID 字节序、组名、错误 TLS 主机名、CSRF、HTTPS、会话轮换、因素过期和密码成功后
+仍不能访问受保护应用入口。UnboundID 的 UPN bind 与 AD 子码由测试拦截器模拟，不能替代 Samba AD。
+测试证书、私钥与账号全为虚构夹具，不用于实际部署。
+
+2026-09-27：Spring Security 重构通过 18 项 JVM 测试和 `bootJar` 构建，覆盖
+密码因素的保存与有效期、会话轮换、退出、未完成 MFA 的访问限制，以及监控安全链隔离。
+此前 JVM 使用受信 CA 完成 Samba AD RootDSE 查询。
+浏览器已检查登录表单渲染、真实 CSRF 原生 POST 和失败后清空密码；只使用在访问 AD 前
+即拒绝的合成外域用户名，不尝试猜测人类密码。浏览器回归共 1 项通过，包含移动端布局。
+复现：`IAM_AD_URL=https://验收域名:端口 npm --prefix frontend run test:browser -- ad-login.spec.ts`。
+重构前，维护者已在 HTTPS 页面完成真实密码验证，成功到达待 MFA 页面，并反馈目录标识、邮箱与
+六个直接所属组的查询结果。该验收覆盖 Samba AD 第一因素与属性读取，不表示 MFA、
+嵌套组/主组等价性或 Hydra 登录已完成。Spring Security 重构后的真实人类复验仍待反馈。
+不在聊天、命令行或日志中传递人类密码。
+新增 AD 路径尚未进行 Native 测试，不能复用旧 UI 原型的 Native 结论。
diff --git a/docs/bootstrap.md b/docs/bootstrap.md
index ad12073..fdc51b9 100644
--- a/docs/bootstrap.md
+++ b/docs/bootstrap.md
@@ -126,3 +126,6 @@ Prometheus 注册器中的 CPU 时间计数器并断言数值有效，避免后
 这是一次本地 smoke 测量，启动耗时含检查器轮询，RSS 不是峰值或负载预算，ELF 大小不等于
 运行镜像大小。未验证 AD、MFA、Hydra、目录就绪或 OTLP 后端数据查询，也尚未接入 CI。
 运行报告生成在 `build/reports/native-smoke/result.json`，不提交运行日志或构建产物。
+
+手写 Native 补丁位于 `META-INF/native-image/top.ddupan.iam/iam-login-manual/`，
+与 Spring AOT 生成的 `iam-login/` 目录分开，避免 `bootJar` 中同名元数据冲突。
diff --git a/docs/native-validation.md b/docs/native-validation.md
index 6232430..f65a049 100644
--- a/docs/native-validation.md
+++ b/docs/native-validation.md
@@ -20,9 +20,15 @@ WebAuthn 集成；TOTP、恢复方式与已有 Authelia MFA 的迁移方式需
 - Hydra admin 保持内部访问，业务日志不得包含密码、MFA secret、token 或 challenge。
 - 原生二进制与隔离 Hydra 完成授权码链路，再验证现有 Gitea 账号及权限。
 
+日常迭代以 JVM 测试为准，不要求每轮执行 Native 编译。Native 验证安排在阶段性验收
+或新增反射、JNDI、TLS 等兼容性风险时集中进行；记录尚未覆盖的新路径。
+
 ## Native 与监控
 
 - CI 构建 Native 产物并对该产物执行集成测试；测试报告区分 JVM 与 Native。
+- 登录 Controller 与安全链使用 `@ConditionalOnProperty(iam.ad.enabled)`；AOT 在构建时
+  决定 bean 是否存在。AD Native 产物必须在 AOT 阶段启用此属性，验证实际入口与兜底链，
+  不能假设运行时修改属性会重新装配 bean。本轮只验证 JVM，尚未验收该 Native 路径。
 - 最终运行镜像无需 JRE，不允许以回退 JVM 的方式令 Native 验收通过。
 - LDAP、MFA、数据库、TLS、JSON 和 Hydra HTTP 客户端全部在 Native 中执行。
 - 纳入 Actuator、Micrometer Prometheus 与 OpenTelemetry/分布式追踪；实际发起请求后
diff --git a/frontend/index.html b/frontend/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b65779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="zh-CN">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
+    <title>登录 · IAM</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="root"></div>
+    <noscript>本页使用 React 渲染页面，请启用 JavaScript。</noscript>
+    <script id="login-context" type="application/json">
+      __IAM_PAGE_CONTEXT__
+    </script>
+    <script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/frontend/package-lock.json b/frontend/package-lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57bc869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1280 @@
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+}
diff --git a/frontend/package.json b/frontend/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebb6bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "name": "iam-login-ui",
+  "private": true,
+  "version": "0.0.1",
+  "type": "module",
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "tsc --noEmit && vite build",
+    "watch": "vite build --watch",
+    "test:browser": "playwright test"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "react": "19.3.0",
+    "react-dom": "19.3.0"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "vite": "8.3.1",
+    "typescript": "7.0.2",
+    "@types/react": "^19.2.0",
+    "@types/react-dom": "^19.2.0",
+    "@playwright/test": "1.63.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/playwright.config.ts b/frontend/playwright.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..586bad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/playwright.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import { defineConfig } from "@playwright/test";
+export default defineConfig({
+  testDir: "./tests",
+  use: {
+    baseURL: process.env.IAM_AD_URL,
+    headless: true,
+  },
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/SubmitForm.tsx b/frontend/src/components/SubmitForm.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5eee3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/components/SubmitForm.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { useState, type ReactNode } from "react";
+import type { CsrfToken } from "../page-context";
+
+type Props = {
+  action: string;
+  csrf: CsrfToken;
+  label: string;
+  children?: ReactNode;
+};
+
+/** Submit a browser document request; the server owns authentication transitions. */
+export function SubmitForm({ action, csrf, label, children }: Props) {
+  const [pending, setPending] = useState(false);
+  return (
+    <form method="post" action={action} onSubmit={() => setPending(true)} aria-busy={pending}>
+      <input type="hidden" name={csrf.name} value={csrf.value} />
+      {children}
+      <button className="primary" type="submit" disabled={pending}>
+        {pending ? "正在继续…" : label}
+      </button>
+    </form>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/main.tsx b/frontend/src/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0125aff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import { createRoot } from "react-dom/client";
+import { readPageContext } from "./page-context";
+import { SignInPage } from "./pages/SignInPage";
+import "./style.css";
+
+createRoot(document.getElementById("root")!).render(
+  <SignInPage context={readPageContext()} />,
+);
diff --git a/frontend/src/page-context.ts b/frontend/src/page-context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70a0614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/page-context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+export type CsrfToken = { name: string; value: string };
+
+type PageBase = {
+  name: string;
+  error: string;
+  action: string;
+  csrf: CsrfToken;
+};
+
+export type SignInContext = PageBase & (
+  | { step: "password" }
+  | {
+      step: "mfa-pending";
+      identity: {
+        username: string;
+        subjectId: string;
+        email: string;
+        groups: string[];
+        groupDns: string[];
+      };
+    }
+);
+
+export function readPageContext(): SignInContext {
+  const data = document.getElementById("login-context")?.textContent;
+  if (!data) throw new Error("Missing login page context");
+  const context: SignInContext = JSON.parse(data);
+  if (context.step !== "password" && context.step !== "mfa-pending") {
+    throw new Error("Unknown login step");
+  }
+  return context;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/SignInPage.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/SignInPage.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f565cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/SignInPage.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { SubmitForm } from "../components/SubmitForm";
+import type { SignInContext } from "../page-context";
+
+export function SignInPage({ context }: { context: SignInContext }) {
+  return (
+    <main>
+      <header><a href="/signin" className="brand">i<span>am</span></a></header>
+      <section className="card" aria-labelledby="title">
+        <div className="eyebrow">AD 登录验证</div>
+        <h1 id="title">
+          {context.step === "password" ? "登录你的账号" : "密码已验证，等待 MFA"}
+        </h1>
+        <p className="intro">
+          {context.step === "password"
+            ? "使用 AD 用户名或完整 UPN 登录。"
+            : `${context.name}，目录验证成功。第二因素尚未接入，本次没有完成登录或向应用授权。`}
+        </p>
+        {context.error && <p className="error" role="alert">{context.error}</p>}
+        {context.step === "mfa-pending" && (
+          <div className="directory-result">
+            <dl>
+              <dt>账号</dt><dd>{context.identity.username}</dd>
+              <dt>目录标识</dt><dd>{context.identity.subjectId}</dd>
+              <dt>邮箱</dt><dd>{context.identity.email || "未设置"}</dd>
+            </dl>
+            <h2>直接所属组</h2>
+            {context.identity.groups.length
+              ? <ul>{context.identity.groups.map(group => <li key={group}>{group}</li>)}</ul>
+              : <p>没有直接所属组。</p>}
+            <details>
+              <summary>组 DN</summary>
+              <ul>{context.identity.groupDns.map(dn => <li key={dn}>{dn}</li>)}</ul>
+            </details>
+            <p>当前仅读取 memberOf，不展开嵌套组，也不包含主组。</p>
+          </div>
+        )}
+        <SubmitForm action={context.action} csrf={context.csrf}
+          label={context.step === "password" ? "继续" : "退出并重新验证"}>
+          {context.step === "password" && <>
+            <label>用户名
+              <input name="username" autoComplete="username" autoFocus required
+                maxLength={256} defaultValue={context.name} />
+            </label>
+            <label>密码
+              <input name="password" type="password" autoComplete="current-password"
+                required maxLength={1024} />
+            </label>
+          </>}
+        </SubmitForm>
+      </section>
+      <footer>独立 IAM · AD 接入验证</footer>
+    </main>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/style.css b/frontend/src/style.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cb080e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/style.css
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+:root {
+  font-family: Inter, "Noto Sans SC", system-ui, sans-serif;
+  color: #182826;
+  background: #f3f5f1;
+  font-synthesis: none;
+  font-size: 16px;
+}
+* {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+body {
+  margin: 0;
+}
+main {
+  max-width: 520px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 40px 20px 28px;
+}
+header {
+  margin-bottom: 40px;
+}
+.brand {
+  font-size: 32px;
+  font-weight: 750;
+  letter-spacing: -2px;
+  color: #285448;
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+.brand > span:first-child {
+  font-weight: 400;
+}
+.card {
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #dce4dd;
+  border-radius: 18px;
+  padding: 36px;
+  box-shadow: 0 12px 40px #173f2510;
+}
+.eyebrow {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  color: #60746a;
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
+}
+h1 {
+  font-size: 27px;
+  letter-spacing: -0.5px;
+  line-height: 1.35;
+  margin: 0 0 12px;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
+.intro {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  color: #60716a;
+  line-height: 1.8;
+  margin: 0 0 25px;
+}
+label {
+  display: block;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+}
+input:not([type="hidden"]) {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  border: 1px solid #bdccc1;
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  padding: 13px 14px;
+  margin: 9px 0 22px;
+  font: inherit;
+  color: inherit;
+  background: #fff;
+}
+input:focus {
+  outline: 3px solid #a9cbbc;
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+}
+button {
+  font: inherit;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.primary {
+  width: 100%;
+  border: 0;
+  background: #245b47;
+  color: #fff;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  padding: 13px;
+}
+.primary:hover {
+  background: #194734;
+}
+.primary:disabled {
+  opacity: 0.65;
+  cursor: wait;
+}
+.error {
+  color: #9e302b;
+  background: #fff0ed;
+  padding: 12px;
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  line-height: 1.6;
+}
+footer {
+  text-align: center;
+  color: #7c887e;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  margin-top: 28px;
+}
+a:focus-visible,
+button:focus-visible {
+  outline: 3px solid #a9cbbc;
+  outline-offset: 3px;
+}
+@media (max-width: 480px) {
+  main {
+    padding-top: 24px;
+  }
+  header {
+    margin-bottom: 24px;
+  }
+  .card {
+    padding: 26px 22px;
+  }
+}
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+  :root {
+    background: #14221c;
+    color: #edf4ee;
+  }
+  .card {
+    background: #1e3027;
+    border-color: #344b3d;
+  }
+  .brand {
+    color: #b9ddc8;
+  }
+  .intro,
+  .eyebrow {
+    color: #acbfb2;
+  }
+  input:not([type="hidden"]) {
+    background: #18271f;
+    border-color: #526657;
+  }
+  .error {
+    background: #492b29;
+    color: #ffc3b9;
+  }
+}
+
+.directory-result { overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
+.directory-result dd { margin: 0 0 1rem; }
+.directory-result h2 { font-size: 1rem; }
diff --git a/frontend/src/vite-env.d.ts b/frontend/src/vite-env.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11f02fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/vite-env.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/// <reference types="vite/client" />
diff --git a/frontend/tests/ad-login.spec.ts b/frontend/tests/ad-login.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8946864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/tests/ad-login.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";
+
+// Explicit opt-in: never submit synthetic credentials to an arbitrary configured directory.
+// The external-domain username below must be rejected before any LDAP bind.
+test("AD HTTPS page uses native POST and keeps failed credentials out of the response", async ({ page, context }) => {
+  test.skip(!process.env.IAM_AD_URL, "Set IAM_AD_URL to the HTTPS first-factor PoC");
+  const url = new URL("/signin", process.env.IAM_AD_URL!);
+  expect(url.protocol).toBe("https:");
+  const requests: { method: string; type: string; path: string }[] = [];
+  page.on("request", request => requests.push({
+    method: request.method(), type: request.resourceType(), path: new URL(request.url()).pathname,
+  }));
+  await page.goto(url.toString());
+  await expect(page.getByRole("heading", { name: "登录你的账号" })).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.locator("form")).toHaveAttribute("method", "post");
+  await expect(page.locator("input[name=_csrf]")).toHaveCount(1);
+  const session = (await context.cookies()).find(cookie => cookie.name === "JSESSIONID");
+  expect(session).toMatchObject({ secure: true, httpOnly: true, sameSite: "Lax" });
+  await page.getByLabel("用户名", { exact: true }).fill("ui-check@invalid.example");
+  await page.getByLabel("密码", { exact: true }).fill("synthetic-ui-check");
+  await page.getByRole("button", { name: "继续", exact: true }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByRole("alert")).toContainText("无法验证账号");
+  await expect(page.getByLabel("密码", { exact: true })).toHaveValue("");
+  expect(await page.content()).not.toContain("synthetic-ui-check");
+  expect(requests.filter(request => request.method === "POST")).toEqual([
+    { method: "POST", type: "document", path: "/signin/password" },
+  ]);
+  expect(requests.filter(request => ["fetch", "xhr"].includes(request.type))).toHaveLength(0);
+  await page.setViewportSize({ width: 390, height: 844 });
+  expect(await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.scrollWidth > innerWidth)).toBe(false);
+});
diff --git a/frontend/tsconfig.json b/frontend/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3164401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "jsx": "react-jsx",
+    "strict": true,
+    "noEmit": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true
+  },
+  "include": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/frontend/vite.config.ts b/frontend/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd6b3a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { defineConfig } from "vite";
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  base: "/",
+  build: { outDir: "dist", emptyOutDir: true },
+});
diff --git a/scripts/frontend-in-docker b/scripts/frontend-in-docker
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c3358a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/frontend-in-docker
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+repo_root=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)
+cache_dir=${IAM_NPM_CACHE:-${XDG_CACHE_HOME:-$HOME/.cache}/iam-login/npm}
+mkdir -p -- "$cache_dir"
+cache_dir=$(cd -- "$cache_dir" && pwd)
+docker_cmd=(docker)
+if [[ ${IAM_DOCKER_USE_SUDO:-0} == 1 ]]; then
+  docker_cmd=(sudo -n docker)
+fi
+exec "${docker_cmd[@]}" run --rm --network host \
+  --cpus 2 --memory 1g --user "$(id -u):$(id -g)" \
+  -e HOME=/npm -e npm_config_cache=/npm \
+  -v "$cache_dir:/npm" -v "$repo_root:/workspace" \
+  -w /workspace/frontend node@sha256:d8e448a56fc63242f70026718378bd4b00f8c82e78d20eefb199224a4d8e33d8 \
+  sh -c 'npm ci --no-audit --no-fund && npm run build'
diff --git a/scripts/gradle-in-docker b/scripts/gradle-in-docker
index d681d2f..2f882da 100755
--- a/scripts/gradle-in-docker
+++ b/scripts/gradle-in-docker
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ if (($# == 0)); then
   set -- test
 fi
 
+"$repo_root/scripts/frontend-in-docker"
+
 # Linux host networking is needed for Testcontainers' published ports.
 exec "${docker_cmd[@]}" run --rm --network host \
   --cpus "${IAM_BUILD_CPUS:-4}" --memory "${IAM_BUILD_MEMORY:-8g}" \
diff --git a/scripts/native-smoke.py b/scripts/native-smoke.py
index f5ef364..25d48c1 100755
--- a/scripts/native-smoke.py
+++ b/scripts/native-smoke.py
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ def main():
 
             def request(path, authenticated=False):
                 headers = {'Accept': 'text/plain' if authenticated and path == '/actuator/prometheus' else 'application/json'}
+                if path == '/signin':
+                    headers['Accept'] = 'text/html'
                 if authenticated:
                     headers['Authorization'] = f'Basic {basic}'
                 req = urllib.request.Request(base_url + path, headers=headers)
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@ def main():
             ready_seconds = time.monotonic() - started
             assert request('/actuator/prometheus')[0] == 401, 'Anonymous metrics must be rejected'
             assert request('/')[0] == 401, 'Anonymous application access must be rejected'
+            assert request('/signin')[0] == 401, 'Sign-in must be disabled without directory configuration'
             status, before = request('/actuator/prometheus', authenticated=True)
             assert status == 200, 'Authenticated Prometheus scrape failed'
             for _ in range(3):
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/VerifyPassword.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/VerifyPassword.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4363fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/VerifyPassword.java
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application;
+
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordAuthenticator;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordVerificationException;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordVerificationException.Reason;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.User;
+
+/** Resolves the user through the same authenticated directory connection. */
+public final class VerifyPassword {
+    private final PasswordAuthenticator authenticator;
+
+    public VerifyPassword(PasswordAuthenticator authenticator) {
+        this.authenticator = authenticator;
+    }
+
+    public User verify(String username, String password) {
+        try (var session = authenticator.authenticate(username, password)) {
+            return session.users().findByLoginName(session.loginName())
+                .orElseThrow(() -> new PasswordVerificationException(Reason.REJECTED));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/AuthenticatedUserSession.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/AuthenticatedUserSession.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc6aee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/AuthenticatedUserSession.java
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port;
+
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.UserRepository;
+
+/** Uses the authenticated user's connection, without exposing connection or credential objects. */
+public interface AuthenticatedUserSession extends AutoCloseable {
+    String loginName();
+    UserRepository users();
+    @Override void close();
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/PasswordAuthenticator.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/PasswordAuthenticator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63ee91e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/PasswordAuthenticator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port;
+
+/** Password authentication opens a short-lived user repository scope. */
+public interface PasswordAuthenticator {
+    AuthenticatedUserSession authenticate(String username, String password);
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/PasswordVerificationException.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/PasswordVerificationException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..873e36d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/port/PasswordVerificationException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port;
+
+/** Adapter failures translated into application vocabulary, without vendor exception details. */
+public final class PasswordVerificationException extends RuntimeException {
+    public enum Reason { REJECTED, DISABLED, LOCKED, PASSWORD_EXPIRED, ACCOUNT_EXPIRED, UNAVAILABLE }
+    private final Reason reason;
+
+    public PasswordVerificationException(Reason reason) {
+        super(reason.name());
+        this.reason = reason;
+    }
+
+    public Reason reason() { return reason; }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/domain/User.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/domain/User.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73cd327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/domain/User.java
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** Directory-owned user aggregate. Identity is stable while profile and membership may change. */
+public final class User {
+    private final UserId id;
+    private final String username;
+    private final String displayName;
+    private final String email;
+    private final List<GroupMembership> memberships;
+
+    public User(UserId id, String username, String displayName, String email, List<GroupMembership> memberships) {
+        this.id = Objects.requireNonNull(id);
+        if (username == null || username.isBlank()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing username");
+        this.username = username;
+        this.displayName = Objects.requireNonNull(displayName);
+        this.email = Objects.requireNonNull(email);
+        this.memberships = List.copyOf(memberships);
+    }
+
+    public UserId id() { return id; }
+    public String username() { return username; }
+    public String displayName() { return displayName; }
+    public String email() { return email; }
+    public List<GroupMembership> memberships() { return memberships; }
+
+    @Override public boolean equals(Object other) { return other instanceof User user && id.equals(user.id); }
+    @Override public int hashCode() { return id.hashCode(); }
+
+    public record UserId(String authority, String value) {
+        public UserId {
+            if (authority == null || authority.isBlank() || value == null || value.isBlank()) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing user identifier");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** External group identifiers are opaque to the domain. */
+    public record GroupMembership(String name, String externalId) {
+        public GroupMembership {
+            if (name == null || name.isBlank() || externalId == null || externalId.isBlank()) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing group identifier");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/domain/UserRepository.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/domain/UserRepository.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caea6cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/domain/UserRepository.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain;
+
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+/** Read-only user collection; directory entries and LDAP types never cross this boundary. */
+public interface UserRepository {
+    Optional<User> findByLoginName(String loginName);
+
+    final class AccessFailure extends RuntimeException {
+        public AccessFailure() { super("User repository is unavailable or returned an invalid user"); }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdEntryMapper.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdEntryMapper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..029a79f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdEntryMapper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.ad;
+
+import java.util.Locale;
+import javax.naming.NamingException;
+import org.springframework.LdapDataEntry;
+import org.springframework.ldap.odm.core.impl.DefaultObjectDirectoryMapper;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.UserRepository;
+
+/** Keep Spring's ODM mapping while refusing silently truncated AD group attributes. */
+final class AdEntryMapper extends DefaultObjectDirectoryMapper {
+    @Override
+    public <T> T mapFromLdapDataEntry(LdapDataEntry entry, Class<T> type) {
+        var ids = entry.getAttributes().getIDs();
+        try {
+            while (ids.hasMore()) {
+                if (ids.next().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT).startsWith("memberof;")) {
+                    throw new UserRepository.AccessFailure();
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (NamingException ex) {
+            throw new UserRepository.AccessFailure();
+        } finally {
+            try { ids.close(); } catch (NamingException ignored) { }
+        }
+        return super.mapFromLdapDataEntry(entry, type);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdPasswordAuthenticator.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdPasswordAuthenticator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa8c7d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdPasswordAuthenticator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.ad;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.EnableConfigurationProperties;
+import org.springframework.data.ldap.repository.support.SimpleLdapRepository;
+import org.springframework.ldap.core.LdapTemplate;
+import org.springframework.ldap.core.support.LdapContextSource;
+import org.springframework.ldap.core.support.SingleContextSource;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.AuthenticatedUserSession;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordAuthenticator;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordVerificationException;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordVerificationException.Reason;
+
+/** Bind authenticates; the scoped Spring Data repository owns all user and membership reads. */
+@Component
+@EnableConfigurationProperties(AdProperties.class)
+public final class AdPasswordAuthenticator implements PasswordAuthenticator {
+    private static final Pattern AD_SUBCODE = Pattern.compile("\\bdata\\s+([0-9a-f]+)", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
+    private final AdProperties properties;
+    private final LdapContextSource contexts;
+
+    public AdPasswordAuthenticator(AdProperties properties) {
+        this.properties = properties;
+        if (!properties.enabled()) { contexts = null; return; }
+        var uri = URI.create(properties.url());
+        if (!"ldaps".equals(uri.getScheme()) || uri.getHost() == null || uri.getUserInfo() != null
+                || uri.getQuery() != null || uri.getFragment() != null
+                || properties.domain() == null || properties.domain().isBlank()
+                || properties.baseDn() == null || properties.baseDn().isBlank()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("AD requires an LDAPS URL, domain and base DN");
+        }
+        contexts = new LdapContextSource();
+        contexts.setUrl(properties.url());
+        contexts.setBase(properties.baseDn());
+        contexts.setPooled(false);
+        contexts.setReferral("ignore");
+        contexts.setBaseEnvironmentProperties(Map.of(
+            "com.sun.jndi.ldap.connect.timeout", "3000",
+            "com.sun.jndi.ldap.read.timeout", "5000",
+            "java.naming.ldap.attributes.binary", "objectGUID"));
+        contexts.afterPropertiesSet();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public AuthenticatedUserSession authenticate(String username, String password) {
+        if (contexts == null) throw new PasswordVerificationException(Reason.UNAVAILABLE);
+        if (username == null || username.isBlank() || username.length() > 256
+                || username.contains("\\") || !username.equals(username.strip())
+                || (username.contains("@") && !username.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)
+                    .endsWith("@" + properties.domain().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)))
+                || password == null || password.isEmpty() || password.length() > 1024) {
+            throw new PasswordVerificationException(Reason.REJECTED);
+        }
+        String principal = username.contains("@") ? username : username + "@" + properties.domain();
+        try {
+            var connection = new SingleContextSource(contexts.getContext(principal, password));
+            try {
+                var mapper = new AdEntryMapper();
+                var operations = new LdapTemplate(connection);
+                operations.setIgnorePartialResultException(true);
+                operations.setObjectDirectoryMapper(mapper);
+                var entries = new SimpleLdapRepository<>(operations, mapper, AdUserEntry.class);
+                return new AdUserRepository(entries, connection, properties.domain(), principal);
+            } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
+                connection.destroy();
+                throw ex;
+            }
+        } catch (org.springframework.ldap.AuthenticationException ex) {
+            throw new PasswordVerificationException(reason(ex));
+        } catch (org.springframework.ldap.NamingException | org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException ex) {
+            throw new PasswordVerificationException(Reason.UNAVAILABLE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Reason reason(org.springframework.ldap.AuthenticationException exception) {
+        // Translate AD's diagnostic codes; never expose the diagnostic or credentials to the use case.
+        var matcher = AD_SUBCODE.matcher(exception.getMessage() == null ? "" : exception.getMessage());
+        if (!matcher.find()) return Reason.REJECTED;
+        return switch (matcher.group(1).toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)) {
+            case "533" -> Reason.DISABLED;
+            case "775" -> Reason.LOCKED;
+            case "532", "773" -> Reason.PASSWORD_EXPIRED;
+            case "701" -> Reason.ACCOUNT_EXPIRED;
+            default -> Reason.REJECTED;
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdProperties.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdProperties.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1441d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdProperties.java
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.ad;
+
+import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
+
+@ConfigurationProperties("iam.ad")
+public record AdProperties(boolean enabled, String url, String domain, String baseDn) {}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserEntry.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserEntry.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c562425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserEntry.java
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.ad;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import javax.naming.Name;
+import lombok.Getter;
+import org.springframework.ldap.odm.annotations.Attribute;
+import org.springframework.ldap.odm.annotations.Entry;
+import org.springframework.ldap.odm.annotations.Id;
+
+/** Persistence representation, deliberately separate from the domain user. */
+@Getter
+@Entry(objectClasses = "user")
+public final class AdUserEntry {
+    @Id private Name dn;
+    @Attribute(name = "objectGUID", type = Attribute.Type.BINARY) private byte[] objectGuid;
+    @Attribute(name = "sAMAccountName") private String accountName;
+    @Attribute(name = "displayName") private String displayName;
+    @Attribute(name = "mail") private String email;
+    @Attribute(name = "memberOf") private List<String> memberOf;
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserRepository.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserRepository.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7e6765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserRepository.java
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.ad;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import javax.naming.NamingException;
+import javax.naming.ldap.LdapName;
+import org.springframework.data.ldap.repository.LdapRepository;
+import org.springframework.ldap.core.support.SingleContextSource;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.AuthenticatedUserSession;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.User;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.User.GroupMembership;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.User.UserId;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.UserRepository;
+import static org.springframework.ldap.query.LdapQueryBuilder.query;
+
+/** One authenticated connection and one Spring Data repository per use-case scope. */
+final class AdUserRepository implements UserRepository, AuthenticatedUserSession {
+    private final LdapRepository<AdUserEntry> entries;
+    private final SingleContextSource connection;
+    private final String authority;
+    private final String loginName;
+    private boolean closed;
+
+    AdUserRepository(LdapRepository<AdUserEntry> entries, SingleContextSource connection,
+            String authority, String loginName) {
+        this.entries = entries;
+        this.connection = connection;
+        this.authority = authority;
+        this.loginName = loginName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Optional<User> findByLoginName(String name) {
+        requireOpen();
+        try {
+            return entries.findOne(query().where("objectClass").is("user")
+                .and("objectClass").not().is("computer")
+                .and(query().where("sAMAccountName").is(name).or("userPrincipalName").is(name)))
+                .map(this::toUser);
+        } catch (org.springframework.ldap.NamingException | org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException | IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            throw new UserRepository.AccessFailure();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private User toUser(AdUserEntry entry) {
+        var groups = new TreeMap<String, GroupMembership>();
+        for (String dn : entry.getMemberOf() == null ? List.<String>of() : entry.getMemberOf()) {
+            try {
+                var name = new LdapName(dn);
+                var rdn = name.getRdn(name.size() - 1);
+                if (!rdn.getType().equalsIgnoreCase("CN")) throw new UserRepository.AccessFailure();
+                String cn = rdn.getValue().toString();
+                if (groups.putIfAbsent(cn, new GroupMembership(cn, dn)) != null) {
+                    throw new UserRepository.AccessFailure();
+                }
+            } catch (NamingException ex) { throw new UserRepository.AccessFailure(); }
+        }
+        return new User(new UserId(authority, guid(entry.getObjectGuid())), entry.getAccountName(),
+            entry.getDisplayName() == null ? entry.getAccountName() : entry.getDisplayName(),
+            entry.getEmail() == null ? "" : entry.getEmail(), List.copyOf(groups.values()));
+    }
+
+    static String guid(byte[] bytes) {
+        if (bytes == null || bytes.length != 16) throw new UserRepository.AccessFailure();
+        var little = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes).order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+        long most = Integer.toUnsignedLong(little.getInt()) << 32
+            | (long) Short.toUnsignedInt(little.getShort()) << 16
+            | Short.toUnsignedInt(little.getShort());
+        return new UUID(most, ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes, 8, 8).getLong()).toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override public String loginName() { requireOpen(); return loginName; }
+    @Override public UserRepository users() { requireOpen(); return this; }
+    private void requireOpen() { if (closed) throw new IllegalStateException("User repository scope is closed"); }
+    @Override public void close() {
+        if (!closed) { closed = true; connection.destroy(); }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/security/DirectoryAuthenticationProvider.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/security/DirectoryAuthenticationProvider.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e177365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/security/DirectoryAuthenticationProvider.java
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.security;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationProvider;
+import org.springframework.security.authentication.BadCredentialsException;
+import org.springframework.security.authentication.InternalAuthenticationServiceException;
+import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;
+import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
+import org.springframework.security.core.authority.FactorGrantedAuthority;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.VerifyPassword;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordVerificationException;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.UserRepository;
+
+/** Bridges directory authentication into Spring Security's form-login lifecycle. */
+public final class DirectoryAuthenticationProvider implements AuthenticationProvider {
+    private final VerifyPassword passwords;
+
+    public DirectoryAuthenticationProvider(VerifyPassword passwords) {
+        this.passwords = passwords;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Authentication authenticate(Authentication request) {
+        try {
+            var user = passwords.verify(request.getName(),
+                request.getCredentials() instanceof String password ? password : null);
+            // Directory groups remain profile data, not local application authorities.
+            return UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken.authenticated(new DirectoryPrincipal(user), null,
+                List.of(FactorGrantedAuthority.fromAuthority(FactorGrantedAuthority.PASSWORD_AUTHORITY)));
+        } catch (PasswordVerificationException ex) {
+            if (ex.reason() == PasswordVerificationException.Reason.UNAVAILABLE) {
+                throw new InternalAuthenticationServiceException("Directory unavailable");
+            }
+            throw new BadCredentialsException("Unable to verify credentials");
+        } catch (UserRepository.AccessFailure ex) {
+            throw new InternalAuthenticationServiceException("Directory unavailable");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean supports(Class<?> authentication) {
+        return UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken.class.equals(authentication);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/security/DirectoryPrincipal.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/security/DirectoryPrincipal.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e1ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/security/DirectoryPrincipal.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.security;
+
+import org.springframework.security.core.AuthenticatedPrincipal;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.User;
+
+/** An immutable directory snapshot; never contains credentials or connections. */
+public record DirectoryPrincipal(User user) implements AuthenticatedPrincipal {
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return user.id().authority() + ":" + user.id().value();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/PageRenderer.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/PageRenderer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d057063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/PageRenderer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.interfaces.web;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource;
+import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import tools.jackson.databind.json.JsonMapper;
+
+/** Shared HTML shell; the page context is data, never executable JavaScript. */
+@Component
+public class PageRenderer {
+    private static final String SLOT = "__IAM_PAGE_CONTEXT__";
+    private final String shell;
+    private final JsonMapper json = JsonMapper.builder().build();
+
+    public PageRenderer() throws IOException {
+        shell = new ClassPathResource("ui/index.html").getContentAsString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        if (shell.indexOf(SLOT) < 0 || shell.indexOf(SLOT) != shell.lastIndexOf(SLOT)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Expected exactly one UI context slot");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEntity<String> render(Object context) {
+        String safe = json.writeValueAsString(context).replace("<", "\\u003c")
+            .replace(">", "\\u003e").replace("&", "\\u0026")
+            .replace("\u2028", "\\u2028").replace("\u2029", "\\u2029");
+        return ResponseEntity.ok().header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+            .contentType(new MediaType(MediaType.TEXT_HTML, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)).body(shell.replace(SLOT, safe));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/SignInController.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/SignInController.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f889ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/SignInController.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.interfaces.web;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnProperty;
+import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.security.core.annotation.AuthenticationPrincipal;
+import org.springframework.security.web.csrf.CsrfToken;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.User.GroupMembership;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.security.DirectoryPrincipal;
+
+/** Renders Spring Security's login pages; form processing belongs to the security filters. */
+@RestController
+@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "iam.ad", name = "enabled", havingValue = "true")
+public class SignInController {
+    private final PageRenderer renderer;
+
+    public SignInController(PageRenderer renderer) {
+        this.renderer = renderer;
+    }
+
+    @GetMapping(value = "/signin", produces = MediaType.TEXT_HTML_VALUE)
+    ResponseEntity<String> page(@RequestParam(required = false) String error, CsrfToken csrf) {
+        return renderer.render(Map.of("step", "password", "name", "",
+            "error", error == null ? "" : "无法验证账号，请检查凭据与账号状态，或稍后重试。",
+            "action", "/signin/password", "csrf", csrf(csrf)));
+    }
+
+    @GetMapping(value = "/signin/mfa", produces = MediaType.TEXT_HTML_VALUE)
+    ResponseEntity<String> pending(@AuthenticationPrincipal DirectoryPrincipal principal, CsrfToken csrf) {
+        var user = principal.user();
+        return renderer.render(Map.of("step", "mfa-pending", "name", user.displayName(),
+            "error", "", "action", "/signin/restart", "csrf", csrf(csrf),
+            "identity", Map.of("username", user.username(), "subjectId", user.id().value(),
+                "email", user.email(),
+                "groups", user.memberships().stream().map(GroupMembership::name).toList(),
+                "groupDns", user.memberships().stream().map(GroupMembership::externalId).toList())));
+    }
+
+    private static Map<String, String> csrf(CsrfToken token) {
+        return Map.of("name", token.getParameterName(), "value", token.getToken());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/AuthenticationConfiguration.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/AuthenticationConfiguration.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c432d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/AuthenticationConfiguration.java
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.configuration;
+
+import javax.naming.directory.DirContext;
+import javax.naming.ldap.LdapContext;
+import org.springframework.aot.hint.RuntimeHints;
+import org.springframework.aot.hint.RuntimeHintsRegistrar;
+import org.springframework.aot.hint.annotation.RegisterReflectionForBinding;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportRuntimeHints;
+import org.springframework.ldap.core.DirContextProxy;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.ad.AdUserEntry;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.VerifyPassword;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordAuthenticator;
+
+/** Composition root: dependencies point inward, framework wiring stays outside the model. */
+@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
+@RegisterReflectionForBinding(AdUserEntry.class)
+@ImportRuntimeHints(AuthenticationConfiguration.DirectoryHints.class)
+class AuthenticationConfiguration {
+    @Bean
+    VerifyPassword verifyPassword(PasswordAuthenticator authenticator) {
+        return new VerifyPassword(authenticator);
+    }
+    static class DirectoryHints implements RuntimeHintsRegistrar {
+        @Override
+        public void registerHints(RuntimeHints hints, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+            hints.proxies().registerJdkProxy(LdapContext.class, DirContextProxy.class);
+            hints.proxies().registerJdkProxy(DirContext.class, DirContextProxy.class);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/SecurityConfiguration.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/SecurityConfiguration.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02a543d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/SecurityConfiguration.java
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.configuration;
+
+import java.time.Duration;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnProperty;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.springframework.security.authentication.ProviderManager;
+import org.springframework.security.authorization.AuthorizationManagerFactories;
+import org.springframework.security.config.Customizer;
+import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;
+import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authorization.EnableMultiFactorAuthentication;
+import org.springframework.security.web.SecurityFilterChain;
+import org.springframework.security.web.access.intercept.RequestAuthorizationContext;
+import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.HttpStatusEntryPoint;
+import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.LoginUrlAuthenticationEntryPoint;
+import org.springframework.security.web.servlet.util.matcher.PathPatternRequestMatcher;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.VerifyPassword;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.security.DirectoryAuthenticationProvider;
+
+@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
+@EnableMultiFactorAuthentication(authorities = {})
+class SecurityConfiguration {
+    // Operational Basic authentication is isolated from human first-factor authentication.
+    @Bean
+    @Order(1)
+    SecurityFilterChain management(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
+        return http.securityMatcher("/actuator/**")
+            .authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
+                .requestMatchers("/actuator/health/**").permitAll()
+                .anyRequest().authenticated())
+            .securityContext(context -> context.securityContextRepository(
+                new org.springframework.security.web.context.NullSecurityContextRepository()))
+            .sessionManagement(session -> session.sessionCreationPolicy(
+                org.springframework.security.config.http.SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS))
+            .httpBasic(Customizer.withDefaults())
+            .build();
+    }
+
+    @Bean
+    @Order(2)
+    @ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "iam.ad", name = "enabled", havingValue = "true")
+    SecurityFilterChain browser(HttpSecurity http, VerifyPassword passwords) throws Exception {
+        var passwordFactor = AuthorizationManagerFactories.<RequestAuthorizationContext>multiFactor()
+            .requireFactor(factor -> factor.passwordAuthority().validDuration(Duration.ofMinutes(10)))
+            .build();
+        return http.securityMatcher("/signin", "/signin/**", "/assets/**")
+            .redirectToHttps(Customizer.withDefaults())
+            .authenticationManager(new ProviderManager(new DirectoryAuthenticationProvider(passwords)))
+            .authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
+                .requestMatchers("/error", "/signin", "/signin/password", "/assets/**").permitAll()
+                .requestMatchers("/signin/mfa").access(passwordFactor.authenticated())
+                // No complete MFA or Hydra acceptance exists yet. Fail closed until those are implemented.
+                .anyRequest().denyAll())
+            .formLogin(form -> form.loginPage("/signin").loginProcessingUrl("/signin/password")
+                .defaultSuccessUrl("/signin/mfa", true).failureUrl("/signin?error"))
+            .logout(logout -> logout.logoutUrl("/signin/restart").logoutSuccessUrl("/signin"))
+            .exceptionHandling(exceptions -> exceptions
+                .defaultAuthenticationEntryPointFor(new LoginUrlAuthenticationEntryPoint("/signin"),
+                    PathPatternRequestMatcher.withDefaults().matcher("/signin/**"))
+                .defaultAuthenticationEntryPointFor(new HttpStatusEntryPoint(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED),
+                    org.springframework.security.web.util.matcher.AnyRequestMatcher.INSTANCE))
+            .requestCache(cache -> cache.disable())
+            .headers(headers -> headers.contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp.policyDirectives(
+                "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self'; img-src 'self' data:; "
+                + "object-src 'none'; base-uri 'none'; form-action 'self'; frame-ancestors 'none'")))
+            .build();
+    }
+
+    @Bean
+    @Order(3)
+    SecurityFilterChain fallback(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
+        return http.authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
+                .requestMatchers("/error").permitAll()
+                .anyRequest().denyAll())
+            .exceptionHandling(exceptions -> exceptions
+                .authenticationEntryPoint(new HttpStatusEntryPoint(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)))
+            .requestCache(cache -> cache.disable())
+            .logout(logout -> logout.disable())
+            .build();
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/WebConfiguration.java b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/WebConfiguration.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ec3acc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/configuration/WebConfiguration.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.configuration;
+
+import java.time.Duration;
+import org.springframework.aot.hint.RuntimeHints;
+import org.springframework.aot.hint.RuntimeHintsRegistrar;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportRuntimeHints;
+import org.springframework.http.CacheControl;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ResourceHandlerRegistry;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
+
+@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
+@ImportRuntimeHints(WebConfiguration.Resources.class)
+class WebConfiguration implements WebMvcConfigurer {
+
+    @Override
+    public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
+        registry.addResourceHandler("/assets/**").addResourceLocations("classpath:/ui/assets/")
+            .setCacheControl(CacheControl.maxAge(Duration.ofDays(365)).cachePublic().immutable());
+    }
+
+    static class Resources implements RuntimeHintsRegistrar {
+        @Override
+        public void registerHints(RuntimeHints hints, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+            hints.resources().registerPattern("ui/**");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/top.ddupan.iam/iam-login/reachability-metadata.json b/src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/top.ddupan.iam/iam-login-manual/reachability-metadata.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/top.ddupan.iam/iam-login/reachability-metadata.json
rename to src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/top.ddupan.iam/iam-login-manual/reachability-metadata.json
diff --git a/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/IamLoginApplicationTests.java b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/IamLoginApplicationTests.java
index 1619289..ddac059 100644
--- a/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/IamLoginApplicationTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/IamLoginApplicationTests.java
@@ -10,42 +10,58 @@ import org.springframework.boot.opentelemetry.autoconfigure.logging.otlp.OtlpLog
 import org.springframework.boot.opentelemetry.autoconfigure.logging.otlp.Transport;
 import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
 import org.springframework.boot.testcontainers.service.connection.ServiceConnection;
+import org.springframework.boot.webmvc.test.autoconfigure.AutoConfigureMockMvc;
+import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
 import org.testcontainers.grafana.LgtmStackContainer;
 import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Container;
 import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Testcontainers;
 import org.testcontainers.utility.DockerImageName;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
+import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
 
 @SpringBootTest
+@AutoConfigureMockMvc
 @AutoConfigureMetrics
 @AutoConfigureTracing
 @Testcontainers
 class IamLoginApplicationTests {
 
-	// Field-based service connections are recreated by the test context in AOT mode.
-	@Container
-	@ServiceConnection
-	static final LgtmStackContainer grafanaLgtm = new LgtmStackContainer(
-			DockerImageName.parse(TestcontainersConfiguration.LGTM_IMAGE));
+    // Field-based service connections are recreated by the test context in AOT mode.
+    @Container
+    @ServiceConnection
+    static final LgtmStackContainer grafanaLgtm = new LgtmStackContainer(
+            DockerImageName.parse(TestcontainersConfiguration.LGTM_IMAGE));
 
-	@Autowired
-	OtlpLoggingConnectionDetails loggingConnectionDetails;
+    @Autowired
+    OtlpLoggingConnectionDetails loggingConnectionDetails;
 
-	@Autowired
-	@Qualifier("prometheusMeterRegistry")
-	MeterRegistry prometheus;
+    @Autowired
+    @Qualifier("prometheusMeterRegistry")
+    MeterRegistry prometheus;
 
-	@Test
-	void processCpuTimeCanBeRead() {
-		assertThat(prometheus.get("process.cpu.time").functionCounter().count()).isFinite().isNotNegative();
-	}
+    @Autowired
+    MockMvc mvc;
 
-	@Test
-	void loggingConnectionUsesRunningContainer() {
-		assertThat(grafanaLgtm.isRunning()).isTrue();
-		assertThat(loggingConnectionDetails.getUrl(Transport.HTTP))
-				.isEqualTo(grafanaLgtm.getOtlpHttpUrl() + "/v1/logs");
-	}
+    @Test
+    void signInIsDisabledUntilDirectoryIsConfigured() throws Exception {
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin").secure(true)).andExpect(status().isUnauthorized());
+        mvc.perform(org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/signin/password")
+            .secure(true).with(org.springframework.security.test.web.servlet.request.SecurityMockMvcRequestPostProcessors.csrf()))
+            .andExpect(status().isUnauthorized());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void processCpuTimeCanBeRead() {
+        assertThat(prometheus.get("process.cpu.time").functionCounter().count()).isFinite().isNotNegative();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void loggingConnectionUsesRunningContainer() {
+        assertThat(grafanaLgtm.isRunning()).isTrue();
+        assertThat(loggingConnectionDetails.getUrl(Transport.HTTP))
+                .isEqualTo(grafanaLgtm.getOtlpHttpUrl() + "/v1/logs");
+    }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/VerifyPasswordTests.java b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/VerifyPasswordTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..729b91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/application/VerifyPasswordTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.AuthenticatedUserSession;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordVerificationException;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.User;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.UserRepository;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
+
+class VerifyPasswordTests {
+    static final User ALICE = new User(new User.UserId("directory", "alice-id"), "alice", "Alice", "", List.of());
+
+    @Test
+    void readsTheBoundUserAndClosesTheConnection() {
+        var scope = new Scope(name -> {
+            assertThat(name).isEqualTo("alice@directory");
+            return Optional.of(ALICE);
+        });
+        assertThat(new VerifyPassword((username, password) -> scope).verify("alice", "secret")).isEqualTo(ALICE);
+        assertThat(scope.closed).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void missingUserClosesTheConnectionAndRejectsAuthentication() {
+        var scope = new Scope(name -> Optional.empty());
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> new VerifyPassword((u, p) -> scope).verify("alice", "secret"))
+            .isInstanceOf(PasswordVerificationException.class);
+        assertThat(scope.closed).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void repositoryFailureStillClosesTheConnection() {
+        var scope = new Scope(name -> { throw new UserRepository.AccessFailure(); });
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> new VerifyPassword((u, p) -> scope).verify("alice", "secret"))
+            .isInstanceOf(UserRepository.AccessFailure.class);
+        assertThat(scope.closed).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    private static final class Scope implements AuthenticatedUserSession {
+        private final UserRepository users;
+        boolean closed;
+        Scope(UserRepository users) { this.users = users; }
+        @Override public String loginName() { return "alice@directory"; }
+        @Override public UserRepository users() { return users; }
+        @Override public void close() { closed = true; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserRepositoryIntegrationTests.java b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserRepositoryIntegrationTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d51f34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/infrastructure/ad/AdUserRepositoryIntegrationTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.infrastructure.ad;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordVerificationException;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.application.port.PasswordVerificationException.Reason;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.domain.User.GroupMembership;
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.support.AdDirectoryFixture;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
+
+class AdUserRepositoryIntegrationTests {
+    private static AdDirectoryFixture directory;
+    private static AdPasswordAuthenticator authenticator;
+
+    @BeforeAll static void start() {
+        directory = new AdDirectoryFixture();
+        authenticator = new AdPasswordAuthenticator(new AdProperties(true,
+            directory.url(), "example.test", "dc=example,dc=test"));
+    }
+    @AfterAll static void close() { directory.close(); }
+
+    @Test
+    void repositoryUsesTheBoundConnectionAndMapsGuidAndGroupsDespiteReferrals() {
+        int before = directory.binds.get();
+        try (var session = authenticator.authenticate("alice", "fixture-password")) {
+            var user = session.users().findByLoginName(session.loginName()).orElseThrow();
+            assertThat(user.id().value()).isEqualTo("00112233-4455-6677-8899-aabbccddeeff");
+            assertThat(user.memberships()).extracting(GroupMembership::name).containsExactly("MixedCase", "gitea-admins");
+            assertThat(session.users().findByLoginName("alice")).contains(user);
+            assertThat(directory.binds.get() - before).isEqualTo(1);
+            assertThat(directory.searchConnection).isEqualTo(directory.bindConnection);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void closingTheScopePreventsFurtherRepositoryUse() {
+        var session = authenticator.authenticate("alice@example.test", "fixture-password");
+        var users = session.users();
+        session.close();
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> users.findByLoginName("alice")).isInstanceOf(IllegalStateException.class);
+        assertThatThrownBy(session::users).isInstanceOf(IllegalStateException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void wrongPasswordsUnknownAccountsAndAdAccountStatesAreTranslated() {
+        rejected("alice", "wrong", Reason.REJECTED);
+        rejected("unknown", "fixture-password", Reason.REJECTED);
+        rejected("disabled", "fixture-password", Reason.DISABLED);
+        rejected("locked", "fixture-password", Reason.LOCKED);
+        rejected("expired", "fixture-password", Reason.PASSWORD_EXPIRED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void emptyPasswordsAndForeignDomainsNeverAttemptBind() {
+        int before = directory.binds.get();
+        rejected("alice", "", Reason.REJECTED);
+        rejected("alice@other.test", "fixture-password", Reason.REJECTED);
+        assertThat(directory.binds.get()).isEqualTo(before);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void rejectsWrongTlsHostnameAndPlainLdapConfiguration() {
+        var wrongName = new AdPasswordAuthenticator(new AdProperties(true,
+            directory.mismatchedHostnameUrl(), "example.test", "dc=example,dc=test"));
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> wrongName.authenticate("alice", "fixture-password"))
+            .isInstanceOfSatisfying(PasswordVerificationException.class,
+                ex -> assertThat(ex.reason()).isEqualTo(Reason.UNAVAILABLE));
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> new AdPasswordAuthenticator(new AdProperties(true,
+            "ldap://localhost:389", "example.test", "dc=example,dc=test")))
+            .isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class);
+    }
+
+    private static void rejected(String username, String password, Reason reason) {
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> authenticator.authenticate(username, password))
+            .isInstanceOfSatisfying(PasswordVerificationException.class,
+                ex -> assertThat(ex.reason()).isEqualTo(reason));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/SignInIntegrationTests.java b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/SignInIntegrationTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..259608f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/authentication/interfaces/web/SignInIntegrationTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.authentication.interfaces.web;
+
+import top.ddupan.iam.login.support.AdDirectoryFixture;
+import org.springframework.aot.hint.RuntimeHints;
+import org.springframework.aot.hint.RuntimeHintsRegistrar;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportRuntimeHints;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
+import org.springframework.boot.webmvc.test.autoconfigure.AutoConfigureMockMvc;
+import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;
+import org.springframework.security.core.authority.FactorGrantedAuthority;
+import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContext;
+import org.springframework.mock.web.MockHttpSession;
+import org.springframework.test.context.DynamicPropertyRegistry;
+import org.springframework.test.context.DynamicPropertySource;
+import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
+import static org.springframework.security.test.web.servlet.request.SecurityMockMvcRequestPostProcessors.csrf;
+import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;
+import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;
+
+/** Real LDAPS sockets and Spring Data LDAP; AD bind/subcode semantics are simulated. */
+@SpringBootTest(properties = {"iam.ad.enabled=true", "iam.ad.domain=example.test", "iam.ad.base-dn=dc=example,dc=test",
+    "management.otlp.metrics.export.enabled=false", "spring.security.user.name=fixture-monitor", "spring.security.user.password=fixture-monitor-password"})
+@AutoConfigureMockMvc
+@org.springframework.boot.micrometer.metrics.test.autoconfigure.AutoConfigureMetrics
+@ImportRuntimeHints(SignInIntegrationTests.FixtureHints.class)
+class SignInIntegrationTests {
+    static class FixtureHints implements RuntimeHintsRegistrar {
+        @Override
+        public void registerHints(RuntimeHints hints, ClassLoader loader) {
+            hints.resources().registerPattern("ldap/fixture.p12");
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class Directory {
+        static final AdDirectoryFixture INSTANCE = new AdDirectoryFixture();
+    }
+
+    @DynamicPropertySource
+    static void directory(DynamicPropertyRegistry registry) {
+        registry.add("iam.ad.url", () -> Directory.INSTANCE.url());
+    }
+
+    @AfterAll
+    static void close() { Directory.INSTANCE.close(); }
+
+    @Autowired MockMvc mvc;
+
+    @Test
+    void browserRequiresHttpsCsrfAndOrderedSteps() throws Exception {
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin")).andExpect(redirectedUrl("https://localhost/signin"));
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin/mfa").with(https())).andExpect(redirectedUrl("/signin"));
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/password").with(https()).param("username", "alice")
+            .param("password", "fixture-password")).andExpect(status().isForbidden());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void successfulPasswordRotatesSessionAndStopsBeforeMfa() throws Exception {
+        var session = new MockHttpSession();
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin").with(https()).session(session)).andExpect(status().isOk());
+        String oldId = session.getId();
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/password").with(https()).session(session).with(csrf())
+            .param("username", "alice").param("password", "fixture-password"))
+            .andExpect(redirectedUrl("/signin/mfa"));
+        assertThat(session.getId()).isNotEqualTo(oldId);
+        var html = mvc.perform(get("/signin/mfa").with(https()).session(session))
+            .andExpect(status().isOk()).andExpect(header().string("Cache-Control", "no-store"))
+            .andReturn().getResponse().getContentAsString();
+        assertThat(html).contains("mfa-pending", "gitea-admins", "\\u003c/script\\u003e")
+            .doesNotContain("fixture-password", "</script><script>attack()");
+        var authentication = ((SecurityContext) session.getAttribute("SPRING_SECURITY_CONTEXT")).getAuthentication();
+        assertThat(authentication.isAuthenticated()).isTrue();
+        assertThat(authentication.getCredentials()).isNull();
+        assertThat(authentication.getAuthorities()).extracting("authority").containsExactly("FACTOR_PASSWORD");
+        mvc.perform(get("/").with(https()).session(session).accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
+            .andExpect(status().isForbidden());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void failedPasswordDoesNotRetainIdentityAndRestartInvalidatesSession() throws Exception {
+        var session = new MockHttpSession();
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin").with(https()).session(session));
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/password").with(https()).session(session).with(csrf())
+            .param("username", "alice").param("password", "wrong"))
+            .andExpect(redirectedUrl("/signin?error"));
+        assertThat(session.getAttribute("SPRING_SECURITY_CONTEXT")).isNull();
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin").with(https()).param("error", "").session(session))
+            .andExpect(content().string(org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString("无法验证账号")));
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/restart").with(https()).session(session).with(csrf()))
+            .andExpect(redirectedUrl("/signin"));
+        assertThat(session.isInvalid()).isTrue();
+    }
+    @Test
+    void plaintextPasswordPostCannotReachDirectory() throws Exception {
+        int before = Directory.INSTANCE.binds.get();
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/password").with(csrf()).param("username", "alice")
+            .param("password", "fixture-password")).andExpect(redirectedUrl("https://localhost/signin/password"));
+        assertThat(Directory.INSTANCE.binds.get()).isEqualTo(before);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void expiredPasswordFactorCannotOpenPendingPage() throws Exception {
+        var session = login();
+        var context = (SecurityContext) session.getAttribute("SPRING_SECURITY_CONTEXT");
+        var previous = context.getAuthentication();
+        context.setAuthentication(UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken.authenticated(previous.getPrincipal(), null,
+            List.of(FactorGrantedAuthority.withAuthority(FactorGrantedAuthority.PASSWORD_AUTHORITY)
+                .issuedAt(Instant.now().minusSeconds(601)).build())));
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin/mfa").with(https()).session(session))
+            .andExpect(status().is3xxRedirection());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void directorySessionCannotScrapeManagementAndLogoutClearsAuthentication() throws Exception {
+        var session = login();
+        mvc.perform(get("/actuator/prometheus").with(https()).session(session))
+            .andExpect(status().isUnauthorized());
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/restart").session(session).with(csrf()))
+            .andExpect(redirectedUrl("https://localhost/signin/restart"));
+        assertThat(session.isInvalid()).isFalse();
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/restart").with(https()).session(session))
+            .andExpect(status().isForbidden());
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/restart").with(https()).session(session).with(csrf()))
+            .andExpect(redirectedUrl("/signin"));
+        assertThat(session.isInvalid()).isTrue();
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin/mfa").with(https())).andExpect(status().is3xxRedirection());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void managementBasicCredentialsCannotAuthenticateBrowserLogin() throws Exception {
+        mvc.perform(get("/actuator/prometheus").with(https()).with(
+            org.springframework.security.test.web.servlet.request.SecurityMockMvcRequestPostProcessors
+                .httpBasic("fixture-monitor", "fixture-monitor-password")))
+            .andExpect(status().isOk());
+        mvc.perform(get("/signin/mfa").with(https()).with(
+            org.springframework.security.test.web.servlet.request.SecurityMockMvcRequestPostProcessors
+                .httpBasic("fixture-monitor", "fixture-monitor-password")))
+            .andExpect(status().is3xxRedirection());
+    }
+
+    private static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.RequestPostProcessor https() {
+        return request -> {
+            request.setScheme("https");
+            request.setSecure(true);
+            request.setServerPort(443);
+            return request;
+        };
+    }
+
+    private MockHttpSession login() throws Exception {
+        var session = new MockHttpSession();
+        mvc.perform(post("/signin/password").with(https()).session(session).with(csrf())
+            .param("username", "alice").param("password", "fixture-password"))
+            .andExpect(redirectedUrl("/signin/mfa"));
+        return session;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/support/AdDirectoryFixture.java b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/support/AdDirectoryFixture.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38168c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/top/ddupan/iam/login/support/AdDirectoryFixture.java
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package top.ddupan.iam.login.support;
+
+import com.unboundid.ldap.listener.InMemoryDirectoryServer;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.listener.InMemoryDirectoryServerConfig;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.listener.InMemoryListenerConfig;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.listener.interceptor.InMemoryInterceptedSimpleBindRequest;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.listener.interceptor.InMemoryInterceptedSearchResult;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.SearchResultReference;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.listener.interceptor.InMemoryOperationInterceptor;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Entry;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.LDAPException;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.ResultCode;
+import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.SimpleBindRequest;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.security.KeyStore;
+import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
+/** Lazily initialized LDAPS fixture: loading test metadata must not start a server. */
+public final class AdDirectoryFixture implements AutoCloseable {
+    static final String BASE = "dc=example,dc=test";
+    static final String USER_DN = "cn=Alice," + BASE;
+    static final byte[] GUID = java.util.HexFormat.of().parseHex("33221100554477668899aabbccddeeff");
+    private final SSLContext original;
+    private final InMemoryDirectoryServer ldap;
+    public final java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger binds = new java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger();
+    public volatile long bindConnection;
+    public volatile long searchConnection;
+    public AdDirectoryFixture() {
+        try {
+            original = SSLContext.getDefault();
+            var store = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
+            try (var stream = AdDirectoryFixture.class.getResourceAsStream("/ldap/fixture.p12")) {
+                store.load(stream, "fixture-only".toCharArray());
+            }
+            var keys = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
+            keys.init(store, "fixture-only".toCharArray());
+            var trust = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
+            trust.init(store);
+            var ssl = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
+            ssl.init(keys.getKeyManagers(), trust.getTrustManagers(), null);
+            SSLContext.setDefault(ssl);
+            var config = new InMemoryDirectoryServerConfig(BASE);
+            config.setSchema(null);
+            config.setListenerConfigs(InMemoryListenerConfig.createLDAPSConfig("ldaps",
+                InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 0, ssl.getServerSocketFactory(), ssl.getSocketFactory()));
+            config.addInMemoryOperationInterceptor(new InMemoryOperationInterceptor() {
+                @Override
+                public void processSearchResult(InMemoryInterceptedSearchResult result) {
+                    searchConnection = result.getConnectionID();
+                    try {
+                        // Like Samba AD's DomainDnsZones/ForestDnsZones continuation references.
+                        // A client following this reference would fail instead of returning the user.
+                        result.sendSearchReference(new SearchResultReference(
+                            new String[]{"ldap://127.0.0.1:1/DC=other,DC=test"}, null));
+                    } catch (LDAPException ex) { throw new IllegalStateException(ex); }
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void processSimpleBindRequest(InMemoryInterceptedSimpleBindRequest request) throws LDAPException {
+                    binds.incrementAndGet();
+                    bindConnection = request.getConnectionID();
+                    String name = request.getRequest().getBindDN();
+                    String subcode = switch (name) {
+                        case "disabled@example.test" -> "533";
+                        case "locked@example.test" -> "775";
+                        case "expired@example.test" -> "532";
+                        default -> null;
+                    };
+                    if (subcode != null) throw new LDAPException(ResultCode.INVALID_CREDENTIALS,
+                        "80090308: LdapErr: DSID-0C090334, comment: AcceptSecurityContext error, data " + subcode + ", v1db1");
+                    if (name.equalsIgnoreCase("alice@example.test")) {
+                        request.setRequest(new SimpleBindRequest(USER_DN, request.getRequest().getPassword().getValue()));
+                    } else if (!name.equals(USER_DN)) {
+                        throw new LDAPException(ResultCode.INVALID_CREDENTIALS, "Invalid credentials");
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+            ldap = new InMemoryDirectoryServer(config);
+            ldap.startListening();
+            ldap.add(new Entry(BASE, new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("objectClass", "domain"),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("dc", "example")));
+            ldap.add(new Entry(USER_DN,
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("objectClass", "user"),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("cn", "Alice"),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("sAMAccountName", "alice"),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("userPrincipalName", "alice@example.test"),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("userPassword", "fixture-password"),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("displayName", "Alice </script><script>attack()</script>"),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("mail", "alice@example.test"),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("objectGUID", GUID),
+                new com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Attribute("memberOf", "CN=gitea-admins," + BASE, "CN=MixedCase," + BASE)));
+        } catch (Exception ex) { throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex); }
+    }
+
+
+    public String url() { return "ldaps://localhost:" + ldap.getListenPort(); }
+    public String mismatchedHostnameUrl() { return "ldaps://127.0.0.1:" + ldap.getListenPort(); }
+    @Override public void close() { ldap.shutDown(true); SSLContext.setDefault(original); }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/resources/ldap/README.md b/src/test/resources/ldap/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcd46f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/ldap/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+fixture.p12 是仅用于隔离 LDAPS 测试的自签名证书和测试私钥，口令为 fixture-only。
+仅信任 localhost，不能用于生产。测试账户和密码都是虚构数据。
+测试服务仅绑定 127.0.0.1；JVM/Native 均执行真实 TLS、bind 和搜索，但 AD 的 UPN bind
+与禁用/锁定/密码过期子码由拦截器模拟，不代替 Samba AD 人类验收。
diff --git a/src/test/resources/ldap/fixture.p12 b/src/test/resources/ldap/fixture.p12
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ca7c0d
Binary files /dev/null and b/src/test/resources/ldap/fixture.p12 differ