diff --git a/.gitea/workflows/publish-images.yml b/.gitea/workflows/publish-images.yml
index b3cdc75..acdddad 100644
--- a/.gitea/workflows/publish-images.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/publish-images.yml
@@ -1,26 +1,22 @@
 ---
-name: publish images
+name: publish controller image
 
 on:
   push:
     branches: [main]
     paths:
       - '.gitea/workflows/publish-images.yml'
-      - 'config/**'
-      - 'container/**'
+      - 'container/controller.Dockerfile'
       - 'cmd/**'
       - 'internal/**'
-      - 'scripts/**'
-      - 'src/**'
+      - 'scripts/publish-image'
       - 'go.mod'
       - 'go.sum'
-      - 'pyproject.toml'
-      - 'README.md'
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
-  publish-images:
-    name: publish-images
+  publish-controller:
+    name: publish-controller
     runs-on: [self-hosted, vm]
     timeout-minutes: 45
     permissions:
@@ -28,115 +24,13 @@ jobs:
     env:
       PUSH_REGISTRY: zot-push.ad.ddupan.top
       PULL_REGISTRY: zot.ad.ddupan.top
-      CONTROLLER_REPOSITORY: panxiao81/gitea-dynamic-runner-controller
-      RUNNER_REPOSITORY: panxiao81/gitea-dynamic-runner-runner
+      IMAGE_NAME: controller
+      IMAGE_REPOSITORY: panxiao81/gitea-dynamic-runner-controller
+      IMAGE_DOCKERFILE: container/controller.Dockerfile
       SPIRE_AGENT_SOCKET: /run/spire/agent-sockets/spire-agent.sock
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
-
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.12'
-
-      - name: Test source
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          set -euo pipefail
-          go test ./...
-          go vet ./...
-          python3 -m venv /tmp/test-venv
-          source /tmp/test-venv/bin/activate
-          python3 -m pip install -e '.[test]'
-          pytest -q
-          python3 -m compileall -q src tests
-          sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install --yes --no-install-recommends shellcheck
-          shellcheck scripts/*
-
       - name: Build and publish
         shell: bash
-        run: |
-          set -euo pipefail
-          set +x
-
-          # Bootstrap the image that first introduces automatic Docker setup.
-          # Once deployed, the job-started hook makes this an idempotent no-op.
-          sudo scripts/setup-job-docker
-
-          : "${GITHUB_SHA:?GITHUB_SHA is required}"
-          image_tag="sha-${GITHUB_SHA}"
-          docker_config=$(mktemp -d)
-          jwt_file=$(mktemp)
-          cleanup() {
-            docker buildx rm ci-builder >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-            rm -rf -- "$docker_config" "$jwt_file"
-          }
-          trap cleanup EXIT
-          export DOCKER_CONFIG="$docker_config"
-
-          /opt/spire/bin/spire-agent api fetch jwt \
-            -audience zot \
-            -socketPath "$SPIRE_AGENT_SOCKET" \
-            -output json >"$jwt_file"
-          # shellcheck disable=SC2016
-          jq -er '.[0].svids[0].svid' "$jwt_file" | \
-            docker login "$PUSH_REGISTRY" --username zot --password-stdin
-
-          docker buildx create \
-            --name ci-builder \
-            --driver docker-container \
-            --use
-
-          publish() {
-            local repository=$1
-            local dockerfile=$2
-            local metadata=$3
-            docker buildx build \
-              --builder ci-builder \
-              --platform linux/amd64 \
-              --file "$dockerfile" \
-              --tag "${PUSH_REGISTRY}/${repository}:${image_tag}" \
-              --tag "${PUSH_REGISTRY}/${repository}:main" \
-              --provenance=mode=max \
-              --sbom=true \
-              --metadata-file "$metadata" \
-              --push \
-              .
-          }
-
-          publish \
-            "$CONTROLLER_REPOSITORY" \
-            container/controller.Dockerfile \
-            controller-metadata.json
-          publish \
-            "$RUNNER_REPOSITORY" \
-            container/runner.Dockerfile \
-            runner-metadata.json
-
-          controller_digest=$(
-            # shellcheck disable=SC2016
-            jq -er '."containerimage.digest"' controller-metadata.json
-          )
-          runner_digest=$(
-            # shellcheck disable=SC2016
-            jq -er '."containerimage.digest"' runner-metadata.json
-          )
-          controller_ref="${PULL_REGISTRY}/${CONTROLLER_REPOSITORY}@${controller_digest}"
-          runner_ref="${PULL_REGISTRY}/${RUNNER_REPOSITORY}@${runner_digest}"
-
-          printf 'controller=%s\nrunner=%s\n' "$controller_ref" "$runner_ref"
-          if [[ -n "${GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY:-}" ]]; then
-            {
-              printf '## Published images\n\n'
-              # shellcheck disable=SC2016
-              printf -- '- Controller: `%s`\n' "$controller_ref"
-              # shellcheck disable=SC2016
-              printf -- '- Runner: `%s`\n' "$runner_ref"
-              # shellcheck disable=SC2016
-              printf -- '- Source: `%s`\n' "$GITHUB_SHA"
-            } >>"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
-          fi
+        run: scripts/publish-image
diff --git a/.gitea/workflows/publish-runner-image.yml b/.gitea/workflows/publish-runner-image.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f0657e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/publish-runner-image.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+name: publish runner image
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  publish-runner:
+    name: publish-runner
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, vm]
+    timeout-minutes: 45
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    env:
+      PUSH_REGISTRY: zot-push.ad.ddupan.top
+      PULL_REGISTRY: zot.ad.ddupan.top
+      IMAGE_NAME: runner
+      IMAGE_REPOSITORY: panxiao81/gitea-dynamic-runner-runner
+      IMAGE_DOCKERFILE: container/runner.Dockerfile
+      SPIRE_AGENT_SOCKET: /run/spire/agent-sockets/spire-agent.sock
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Build and publish
+        shell: bash
+        run: scripts/publish-image
diff --git a/scripts/publish-image b/scripts/publish-image
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..14082d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/publish-image
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+set +x
+
+: "${GITHUB_SHA:?GITHUB_SHA is required}"
+: "${IMAGE_NAME:?IMAGE_NAME is required}"
+: "${IMAGE_REPOSITORY:?IMAGE_REPOSITORY is required}"
+: "${IMAGE_DOCKERFILE:?IMAGE_DOCKERFILE is required}"
+: "${PUSH_REGISTRY:?PUSH_REGISTRY is required}"
+: "${PULL_REGISTRY:?PULL_REGISTRY is required}"
+: "${SPIRE_AGENT_SOCKET:?SPIRE_AGENT_SOCKET is required}"
+
+# Bootstrap the image that first introduces automatic Docker setup. Once that
+# runner is deployed, the job-started hook makes this an idempotent no-op.
+sudo scripts/setup-job-docker
+
+image_tag="sha-${GITHUB_SHA}"
+metadata="${IMAGE_NAME}-metadata.json"
+docker_config=$(mktemp -d)
+jwt_file=$(mktemp)
+cleanup() {
+  docker buildx rm ci-builder >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  rm -rf -- "$docker_config" "$jwt_file"
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+export DOCKER_CONFIG="$docker_config"
+
+/opt/spire/bin/spire-agent api fetch jwt \
+  -audience zot \
+  -socketPath "$SPIRE_AGENT_SOCKET" \
+  -output json >"$jwt_file"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+jq -er '.[0].svids[0].svid' "$jwt_file" | \
+  docker login "$PUSH_REGISTRY" --username zot --password-stdin
+
+docker buildx create \
+  --name ci-builder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --use
+
+docker buildx build \
+  --builder ci-builder \
+  --platform linux/amd64 \
+  --file "$IMAGE_DOCKERFILE" \
+  --tag "${PUSH_REGISTRY}/${IMAGE_REPOSITORY}:${image_tag}" \
+  --tag "${PUSH_REGISTRY}/${IMAGE_REPOSITORY}:main" \
+  --provenance=mode=max \
+  --sbom=true \
+  --metadata-file "$metadata" \
+  --push \
+  .
+
+image_digest=$(
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2016
+  jq -er '."containerimage.digest"' "$metadata"
+)
+image_ref="${PULL_REGISTRY}/${IMAGE_REPOSITORY}@${image_digest}"
+
+printf '%s=%s\n' "$IMAGE_NAME" "$image_ref"
+if [[ -n "${GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY:-}" ]]; then
+  {
+    printf '## Published image\n\n'
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2016
+    printf -- '- %s: `%s`\n' "$IMAGE_NAME" "$image_ref"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2016
+    printf -- '- Source: `%s`\n' "$GITHUB_SHA"
+  } >>"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
+fi